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Article History

Received: 5 February 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 19 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Takoradi Technical University (14th June, 2022/ref. TTU/ERC/22/014).

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from Ghana Education Service Regional Directorate prior to inclusion of teachers and students in the study. Consent was collected on 22nd July, 2022 by the researcher from the Upper East Regional Directorate of Education, Ghana. Participants were provided with a detailed information sheet outlining the purpose of the research, procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequence.

: We hereby give our full consent for the publication of the content, data, or materials we have provided in this manuscript. We confirm that we understand the nature and purpose of the publication, and we acknowledge that once published, the material may be publicly accessible in print and/or digital form.