Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Zeng, Youlai
Zhu, Lilan
Kang, Qianqian
Yang, Shuping
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 15 January 2025
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was formally submitted for review to the Institutional Review Board at Liaoning Normal University. Upon assessment, and considering that the present study involving only the analysis of preexisting, fully anonymized data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), does not involve sensitive information, poses no more than minimal risk to participants and all the procedures adhere to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, the committee officially granted an exemption from ethical approval on January 2, 2025 (NO: LL2025003).
: The data used in the study were obtained from a fully anonymized public database from which all personally identifiable information had been removed. We had no access to any identifiable personal information and it was impossible to contact the original subjects. Obtaining informed consent was therefore impracticable. Given the nature of the research, the waiver of informed consent does not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects.
