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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. It is also noted that Dr. Alhamzah Al noor and Dr. Mohammed Salah Alazzawi are members of the editorial board of this journal. However, they were not involved in the review, handling, or decision-making process of this manuscript to ensure complete transparency and maintain editorial integrity.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics and Integrity Committee of the Faculty of Administration and Economics, University of Dhi Qar, Iraq. Approval ID/Number: 12/2024 dated 10 January 2024. All procedures involving human participants followed the Committee’s approved protocol and applicable institutional regulations.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to answering any survey items, from 20 January to 31 August 2024, by the research team led by Dr. Alhamzah Alnoor and Dr. Mushtaq Yousif Alhasnawi. Data were collected from adult employees (≥18 years) at Iraqi public universities.