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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 31 October 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Sichuan Preschool Education College (approval number: SLB202009; approval date: November 4, 2019). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to data collection. Before participation, all students were informed of the research purpose, procedures, confidentiality protocols, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Participation was entirely voluntary, and anonymity and confidentiality of responses were strictly maintained. Written informed consent was obtained face-to-face in classroom settings on May 25, 2020, prior to the administration of the first survey.