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Authors
Xu, Liang
Liu, Yishan
Jiang, Zehua
Tang, Yulong
Wu, Xiangming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32400904)
Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education (24YJC190037)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (GB202503006)
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2025
Accepted: 31 October 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is a retrospective analysis based entirely on publicly available data derived from open online sources. It does not involve direct interaction with human participants, nor does it include any identifiable personal information. According to the institutional and national ethical guidelines, studies using fully anonymized and publicly accessible data do not require formal ethical approval. The Research Ethics Committee of College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology has reviewed the study protocol and provided confirmation that no ethical approval is required. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national regulations.
: As the study analyzed publicly available and fully anonymized data, no direct participation, intervention, or collection of identifiable personal information was involved. Therefore, obtaining informed consent from individuals was not applicable. This approach aligns with institutional and national ethical standards, which specify that research using de-identified, publicly accessible data is exempt from informed consent requirements.
