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Authors
Mahmood, Shahid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-6252
Iqbal, Asifa
Alhussan, Amel Ali
El-kenawy, El-Sayed M.
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2024
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning and Development initiative. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Yasar Arrfat Chair of Ethical Committee Government of Pakistan Ministry of Planning and Development initiative, reference number 1(7)/ CPECSP/2020/117, on 2nd September 2024 .
: All participants involved in the study provided informed consent prior to data collection, which was conducted between 15 th September 2024 to 30 th December 2024 . Anonymity and confidentiality of all participants have been maintained throughout the research process.
