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Article History

Received: 31 December 2024

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Huaqiao University on May 6, 2023 (Number: 20230202, May 6, 2023).

: The researchers informed participants about the study’s objectives and overall nature both verbally and with written statements. Informed consent was obtained offline and online platform from every participant before they could access the survey. A questionnaire provided to the participants had a cover letter detailing the study’s purpose, procedures, confidentiality measures, and participant rights. The letter clearly stated that participation was voluntary and that all responses would remain confidential. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw at any point. To ensure confidentiality, no personally identifiable information was collected in the survey. Informed consent was documented via a time-stamped entry in the survey log between May 12 to May 22, 2023.