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Article History

Received: 31 October 2024

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Board (IEB) of Shaanxi Normal University under ethics approval number 2023009-05, on September 5, 2023. The approval covered all stages of the research process, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between September 10, 2023 and November 15, 2023. The consent process was conducted by the first author prior to the commencement of data collection activities. All participants were adults and were recruited through classroom visits, and no vulnerable individuals or minors were involved. The consent covered data use and consent to publish. Before any data collection commenced, participants were first briefed about the aim of the research. They were then allowed to decide whether their interviews could be recorded. Therefore, participation in this study was completely voluntary and the responses given will be anonymous and used for academic purposes only. There is no risk to them of participating.