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Article History

Received: 6 January 2025

Accepted: 6 November 2025

First Online: 17 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received approval from the Ethics Committee of Bam University of Medical Sciences (Ethical code: IR.MUBAM.REC.1399.029) on April 25, 2020.

: Before recruiting participants, all involved nurses were thoroughly informed about the study’s aims and procedures. The researchers conveyed the objectives and methods to the participants, who were then asked to read and sign the informed consent form prior to being allocated to study groups on May 10, 2020. Participants were made aware of the purpose and nature of the study, the procedures involved, and their right to withdraw at any time without facing any penalties. Their responses were guaranteed confidentiality, with clear explanations provided regarding the anonymization of their data, secure storage, exclusive use for research purposes, and protection against unauthorized access. The potential risks and benefits of participation were transparently communicated. Furthermore, contact details for both the research team and the ethics committee were given to address any questions or concerns. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki.