Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanxi University (approval number: SXULL2022009), granted on March 11, 2022. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Prior to their participation, informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. They were provided with detailed information regarding the study objectives, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their rights as participants. The informed consent process ensured that participants were fully aware of the nature of the study and voluntarily agreed to participate without any coercion or undue influence. Data collection was conducted from December 2023 to March 2024.