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Article History

Received: 21 December 2024

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study has been reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Ha’il, Saudi Arabia (Approval No. H-2024-461, dated 14 October 2024). In addition, all research procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection, which took place between 15 October 2024 and 25 November 2024. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, the assurance of anonymity, and their right to withdraw at any time. Each participant involved in the observations and interviews signed a written informed-consent form prior to participation. For the online survey, participants were presented with an information sheet that described the study’s purpose, confirmed that responses would remain confidential, and outlined their right to withdraw. They could proceed to the survey only after selecting “I Agree”; otherwise, the system automatically closed the questionnaire, ensuring that valid consent was recorded before participation.