Document is current

Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Psychological Research in Henan Province Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior. All research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines/regulations of the aforementioned IRB. The approval (Approval number: 20231010102) was granted on 10 October 2023, which covers the entire research process, including participant recruitment, data collection, potential ethical issues and measures to address them. Furthermore, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Given the low-risk and anonymous nature of this online survey, a comprehensive informed consent statement was presented on the landing page of the questionnaire distributed via the Credamo platform, and a separate written consent form was not used. This statement was available to participants upon the launch of the survey on November 3, 2023. It detailed the research purpose, assured participants of the completely anonymous nature of their participation, explained that their data would be used solely for academic research, and stated that there were no foreseeable risks. Participants were informed that by proceeding to the questionnaire after reading the statement—specifically by clicking the “Next” button to start the survey—they were providing their implied consent. The scope of this consent covered their participation, the analysis of anonymized data, and the publication of the research findings.