Updates are available Correction dated 2026-02-02
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06504-9
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Authors
Alqarni, Ali
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Article History
Received: 8 March 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Change Date: 2 February 2026
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-06504-9
Competing interests
: The author declares no competing interests.
: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Education at Umm Al-Qura University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in accordance with ethical guidelines for research involving human participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted under protocol number 2501023604 on November 19, 2023. The approval was conditional upon full adherence to the submitted protocol, with any amendments requiring prior IRB authorization.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the survey period, which spanned from January 1, 2024, to August 30, 2024, using a survey questionnaire. Participants were fully informed of the purpose of the study, the scope of their participation, how their data would be used, and were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be maintained throughout the research process. They were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study without facing any repercussions. For vulnerable participants, consent was appropriately obtained from their legal guardians following a clear explanation of the research objectives and procedures. No incentives or payments were offered for participation. The study involved non-interventional research, including surveys and questionnaires, and participants were explicitly made aware of the reasons for conducting the research, the intended use of the data, and that there were no anticipated risks to their participation. All methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. As mentioned in the Methods section, the data collection phase (January–August 2024) was carried out only after receiving ethical approval on November 19, 2023.
