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Article History

Received: 30 June 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in this study.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Jawatankuasa Etika Penyelidikan Manusia Universiti Sains Malaysia (JEPeM-USM) (protocol code USM/JEPeM/PP/24060485, approval date: 15 November 2024).

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to their participation in this study between 2 and 17 March 2025. They were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the reasons for their inclusion, the voluntary nature of their participation, the nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. As the research was non-interventional and involved qualitative methods (focus group discussions), participants were clearly informed that their identities would remain anonymous, their personal data would be kept strictly confidential, and there were no foreseeable risks associated with participation. They were also informed about how the data would be used for academic purposes only. No photographs or video recordings were taken during the focus group; only audio recordings were used, which were transcribed and then permanently deleted. All participants consented to the use of anonymised data in any publications resulting from this research. The study further ensured that no personally identifiable information was collected or disclosed, and every effort was made to protect participants’ privacy and confidentiality.