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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Daegu University (approval number: 20240311) on March 11, 2024. The approval covers all experiments, questionnaires, and interviews involving human participants in this study. The study was officially launched after ethical approval, and no data collection was performed before approval was obtained. The entire research process strictly followed the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical standards to ensure that the rights, safety, and privacy of all participants were fully protected.

: Prior to the commencement of the study on March 14, 2024, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The research team provided a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, data usage, and participants’ rights. Consent was obtained in writing after ensuring that participants fully understood the information. This study is non-interventional, and all participants were explicitly informed that their personal information would remain strictly anonymous, data would be used solely for academic purposes, participation was entirely voluntary, and they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. The study did not involve minors or other vulnerable groups.