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Authors
Naim, Arshi
Alnfiai, Mrim M.
Almalki, Nabil Sharaf
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2024
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 22 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is exempted from requiring ethical approval. Approval from the institution was not necessary because the research did not involve human participants or their data. Researchers have not collected data from any survey. The Names of participants and their grades are also not presented in the current research. Researchers have used coding on the grades and defined three levels such as satisfactory, developing and unsatisfactory to assess PLOs by the use of an IS based model.
: For the current study ‘Informed consent was not required because we have not involved any human participants or their data for the assessment of PLO using IS based model. The data used in the measurement are converted into unique three levels of identifiers. The names, grades or any personal information is not presented in the current paper. Therefore, informed consent is not applicable to the current study.
