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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study employed a questionnaire survey methodology and does not involve any interventions. All research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines/regulations applicable and adhered to the Helsinki Declaration when human participants are involved. This study was approved by the Academic Ethics Committee of the College of Applied Science and Technology, Beijing Union University in June 2023 (YK20230601).

: The study conducted its investigation through electronic questionnaires. The questionnaire survey was administered in September 2023. Prior to the survey, all participants were thoroughly informed about the anonymity of the study, its objectives, and the usage of the collected data; that is, the informed consent process took place in September 2023. They were assured that there were no risks associated with participating in the survey. Participants only proceeded to answer the questionnaires after providing their informed consent.