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Authors
Wang, Shiwei
Alam, Gazi Mahabubul
Bashir, Karima
Lei, Miao
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University Putra Malaysia UPM (JKEUPM-an Institutional Review Board -IRB) on 7 November 2024. The reference/approval number is JKEUPM-2024-439. Moreover, local approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee (an Institutional Review Board-IRB) of Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Sichuan, China on 25 September 2024. The approval/reference number is SCWLLL20240905. The ethical procedures used in this study were in accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, during the period from 15 November 2024 to 15 January 2025, in accordance with national regulations and institutional standards. Participants were clearly informed that the study involved the use of both their questionnaire responses and secondary data, including SES and university admission outcomes, which would be matched via their student identification numbers. They were assured that this information would be used solely for research purposes, remain strictly confidential, and presented in anonymized and aggregated form. Ethical approval for this study, including approval of the informed consent procedure for data collection and use, was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Universiti Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM; Institutional Review Board, Ref. No.: JKEUPM-2024-439) on 7 November 2024, and by the Ethics Committee of Sichuan University of Arts and Science (Institutional Review Board, Ref. No.: SCWLLL20240905) on 25 September 2024. The requirement for obtaining informed consent was waived for components involving the use of secondary data that do not contain identifiable personal information (Ref. No.: SCWLLL20240905). These approvals confirm that the study complies with institutional and international ethical standards, including the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: In certain cases, artificial intelligence (AI), namely , was used to verify the language’s accuracy. However, no content in this paper was generated via AI.
