Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
Wang, Yan
Zhang, Yuxin
Wang, Xue
Zang, Tianyu
Zhang, Keyi
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science (2020BSH006)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 8 February 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research comprising five studies was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocols were approved by the East China Normal University Institutional Review Board. Studies 1 and 2 were approved under protocol HR2-0274-2021 on 30 January 2022. Studies 4 and 5 were approved under a separate protocol HR1-0104-2024 on 27 August 2024. Study 3 did not involve human participants and therefore did not require ethical approval for human subjects.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement. For Studies 1 and 2, consent was obtained between June 8 and December 15, 2022. For Studies 4 and 5, consent was obtained between August 30 and December 23, 2024. The consent forms clearly outlined the research objectives, emphasized that participation was voluntary, and specified the participants’ right to withdraw at any time without penalty. They also detailed the data collection procedures, explained how the data would be used, and stated that the anonymity and confidentiality of all personal information would be maintained.
