Document is current

Article History

Received: 25 January 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), which granted an exemption from full ethics review the 22 October 2025. The exemption was granted because the study analyzes publicly available YouTube comments without collecting personally identifiable data, involves no direct interaction with human participants, examines content only in aggregate form, and ensures individual identification is technically impossible.

: Informed consent was not obtained as the study analyzed publicly posted YouTube comments that users voluntarily shared on a public platform accessible without restrictions. All data was collected in aggregated form with no usernames, profile information, or personally identifiable information retained or reported.