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Article History

Received: 13 January 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qufu Normal University (Approval ID: 2023128; Date of Approval: 26 September 2023). All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the University’s research ethics committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The ethical approval required voluntary participation and informed consent. The approval encompasses the entire research protocol for this study, including its aim, participant recruitment, experimental procedures, and data management.

: Informed consent was obtained in written form from all individual participants prior to the commencement of data collection on 1 November 2023. The written consent included the nature and purpose of the research, the procedures involved, the assurance of anonymity, the use of data for academic purposes, and the potential for publication. Participants were informed that their participation was entirely voluntary and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any stage without penalty. The study posed no foreseeable risks of physical, emotional, or psychological harm, and no privacy concerns were identified.