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Authors
Pai, Hung-Kai
Yu, Rwei-Ling
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2628-B-006-020 and MOST 111-2628-B-006-020)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 112-2628-B-006-002 and 113-2410-H-006 -093 -MY2)
National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKUH-11210045)
Higher Education Sprout Project, Ministry of Education to the Headquarters of University Advancement at National Cheng Kung University
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Article History
Received: 24 February 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committees, as well as the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical guidelines. The study protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of National Cheng Kung University Hospital (Approval No. B-ER-110-574; Approval date: April 28, 2022).
: All participants provided written informed consent from June 14, 2022 through November 23, 2023, after receiving clear information about the study’s purpose, procedures, and potential risks. They were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. No children or minors were included. All personal data was kept confidential and used solely for academic research purposes.
