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Authors
Chen, Chen
Li, Wenkuo
Liu, Juan
Xie, Hongling
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24CTJ015)
China Scholarship Council (202406510037)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data used in this study come from CHARLS. CHARLS was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Ethical approval for this type of study is not required by our institute.
: The data used in this paper is based on secondary data, which has already been collected by Peking University. Therefore, we do not have any informed consent.
