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Authors
Liu, Tianchang
Song, Xiaokang
Zhu, Qinghua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (22&ZD327)
National Social Science Fund of China (22&ZD327)
Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX25_0132)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72204210)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72174083)
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Article History
Received: 10 February 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 9 January 2026
Competing Interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Advisory Board of Xuzhou Medical University (Approval No. XZHMU-222080) on 29th September 2022. The approved scope covered all planned data collection, analysis, and publication activities involving human participants. All procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines from the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Online informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study, specifically between 24 April 2024 and 29 April 2024, and between 1 September 2024 and 7 September 2024. On the introductory page of the survey, participants were required to read the study information and indicate their agreement by clicking the “Agree” button before being able to proceed to the questionnaire. By submitting their responses, participants confirmed their informed consent to participate in the study.
