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Authors
Wu, Sihang
Qi, Ying
Wang, Xinnan
Zhang, Tao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Project of Education Science Planning in Heilongjiang Province (GJB1424018)
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Article History
Received: 31 January 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the Academic Committee (Ethics Committee) of the School of Information Management, Heilongjiang University, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted by this committee (Approval No. HD-CIM-2024001) on March 2, 2024.
: Informed consent was obtained orally from all participants during the course session on March 3, 2024, prior to questionnaire distribution. Oral consent was adopted due to the format of the intensive course program and was formally documented by the instructor in the session record. Before commencing the survey, the researcher explained the study’s purpose, procedures, and emphasized data anonymity, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw without penalty. The same information was provided on the first page of the questionnaire, and participants were informed that proceeding indicated their consent to participate.
