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Article History

Received: 6 March 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim on June 16, 2022 (approval number: 38/2022). The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained in written form from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Consent was collected electronically at the beginning of the online survey, which was administered between June 21 and September 13, 2022, to adult participants (aged 18 years and older) residing in Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Participants were first presented with an information page outlining the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, the assurance of anonymity, the types of data being collected, and the intended use of the data for academic research. Only respondents who explicitly confirmed their agreement were able to proceed to the questionnaire. All responses were stored and analyzed in anonymized form. Participants were informed that they could discontinue participation at any time without penalty. The study was based on non-interventional research and involved no interventions or foreseeable risks to participants.