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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research has been approved by the University Students’ Innovation Research Committee. All procedures comply with the Helsinki Declaration (1964) and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical principles. This study relied exclusively on anonymized and non-sensitive questionnaire data, meeting the criteria under Article 32 of the “Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings” (jointly issued by China’s National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on February 18, 2023; available at ). The guideline states that research using anonymized data, which involves no harm to participants and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests, is exempt from prior ethical review. At the same time, it also received an exemption approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Transportation and Civil Engineering of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University on October 11, 2025.

: Prior to the commencement of any data collection activities, all participants were provided with comprehensive details regarding the research procedures. They were fully informed of the study’s purpose and objectives, their rights as respondents—including the right to refuse participation or withdraw from the study at any time—as well as the measures implemented to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of their data. The questionnaire-based survey was conducted from February 20, 2023, to September 20, 2023, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study.