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Authors
Yi, Quanyong
Liu, Xu
Du, Jiaoyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Ministry of Education’s humanities and social sciences research youth fund project P.R.C (19YJC880116)
Chongqing Educational Sciences Planning key project (2020-GX-002)
Research Fundation for Doctoral Candidates of Beijing Normal University (BNUXKJC2402)
Research Fundation for Doctoral Candidates of Beijing Normal University (BNUXKJC2402)
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2024
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study followed local ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and complied with the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Education, Southwest University, China (approval number: SWUFEIRB 2020-1004, approved Sep. 03, 2020).
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians prior to their involvement in the study. The consent procedures were conducted between February and May 2021 by the Principal Investigator (Quanyong Yi) and research team member (Jiaoyang Du). Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants (parents and teachers). For students, a two-step consent process was implemented: (1) written informed consent was first obtained from their legal guardians; (2) researchers then explained the study to students using age-appropriate language and obtained written assent using simplified assent forms. This approach was adopted due to students’ limited written text comprehension capabilities. The consent covered participation in questionnaires and interviews, use of data for academic research and publication, and anonymous use of information in research outputs. All participants were fully informed about the study purpose, data usage, anonymity protection, voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time.
