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Article History

Received: 18 February 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study’s recruitment was conducted entirely within China. The research protocol, survey instruments, and recruitment procedures were reviewed and approved by the NingboTech University Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. LL2024073101) on January 4th, 2024. All procedures comply with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or equivalent ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained in the country where the research was conducted (China) by a committee, in accordance with Article 23 (paragraph 3) of the Helsinki Declaration. Recruitment, data collection, and data storage were conducted in China in accordance with applicable national regulations and international norms.

: Before the study began, the researchers provided the participants (non-vulnerable individuals) with an online consent form and participant information sheet via the online survey between 10 January and 30 April 2024. They were fully informed that their anonymity would be assured, why the research was being conducted, and how their data would be utilized. They were also informed that there would be no risks to them of participating. Having read and understood the study’s purpose, objectives, and how their data would be used, they gave their consent to publish and confirmed that they understood there were no risks to participating. The consent form included contact information for enquiries about the study and withdrawal from participation. Written consent was obtained from all participants by signing the online consent form, and permission to conduct the research was granted by the institution’s ethics committee.