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Authors
Manzoor, Mariyam
Ahmad, Tauqir
Altaf, Ayesha
Iqbal, Faiza
Afzaal, Ayesha
Abdel Samee, Nagwan
Ashraf, Imran
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project (PNURSP2024R104)
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 6 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan (Approval No. UET/CS/2025/E1; approved on 01 May 2025). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declarations of Helsinki. The approval covered ethical clearance for all participants involved in the study.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the first author prior to data collection. Participants agreed to take part in the study, including the use of their data for machine learning models. Consent forms were signed by participants; for those who were illiterate, a thumb impression was used. All participants were fully informed about the nature of the experiments and their role before participation.
