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Authors
Li, Ye
Qu, Fangqi
Tian, Yulu
Chen, Rui
Lai, Yongqiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72174047)
Hangzhou Normal University Research Project (No. 4265C50224204063)
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Article History
Received: 6 April 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data used in this study are from CFPS (2010–2020), whose ethical review is overseen by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee. The CFPS project has a unified ethical approval number: IRB00001052-14010, with annual continuing reviews conducted. Initial Ethical Approval: Obtained on January 2014, with a unified and permanent approval number: IRB00001052-14010. This study’s data use complies with the original approval standards, with no additional interventions involving human subjects.
: During CFPS data collection, adults signed written informed consent; guardians signed on behalf of minors (oral consent required for those over 10 years old). Respondents’ information has been anonymized, and the data used in this study contains no personally identifiable content. Records of informed consent implementation are archived by the Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University for verification. For CFPS 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020 waves: Informed consent was collected in the corresponding survey years in line with the project’s annual data collection schedule.
