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Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was granted approval by the Academic Committee of the School of Foreign Languages at Soochow University (September 2, 2022; No. 2022010611), which is responsible for the ethical review of all research projects conducted by faculty of the school. All procedures in this study were designed and implemented in line with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The scope of the approval covered all aspects of the study.

: Prior to participation, all participants were informed about the research purpose, the procedures involved, the scope of data use, the measures for data protection, the potential publication of anonymized findings, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between September 6 and September 9, 2022, ensuring voluntary participation and confidentiality of responses. The study information and consent form were presented on the first page of the questionnaire using the online platform Wenjuanxing . Participants indicated their informed consent by choosing to proceed with the questionnaire, and they retained the option to withdraw at any time according to their preference.