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Authors
Lin, Pengyu
Dong, Delong
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2025
Accepted: 12 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This work involved human subjects or animals in its research. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The studies involving humans were approved by Ludong University Ethics Committee. (Ethics approval number: LDU-IRB202311002; Approval Date: December 15, 2023). The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.
: July 2024 through the end of the month, informed consent was obtained from participants prior to their completion of questionnaires at any study time point. As participants were minors, all questionnaires were completed anonymously and voluntarily, following parental consent. Participants voluntarily agreed to participate in the study after being fully informed that their anonymity would be protected, that data would be used solely for research purposes, and that there were no risks associated with participation.
