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Article History

Received: 13 December 2024

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Hechi University, China on September 20, 2022 (Approval ID: 2022JGB326-01E). All research procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national/international guidelines. The approval covered the entire scope of this research, including the recruitment of participants, data collection procedures, and analysis of anonymized data. The approval was secured prior to the commencement of any research activities.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Written consent forms were provided and explained in person by the principal investigators to each participant prior to the start of data collection, which took place between September 2023 and June 2024. The consent procedure included a detailed explanation of the research purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality and anonymity measures, data usage, and the voluntary nature of participation. Participants were assured of the anonymity of their responses and explicitly informed of their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. All participants were adults (at least 18 years of age), and the scope of the consent covered their participation, use of their data, and consent to publish research findings