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Article History

Received: 22 February 2024

Accepted: 16 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval: Approval was granted by the Ethics Commission for Research with Animals and Humans (CEEAH) of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain). This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines/regulations applicable when human participants are involved. The approval reference number is CEEAH 6048. The date of approval is October 21, 2022. The scope of the approval was ‘The use of pastel color to evoke emotions in the audience’.

: Informed consent was obtained digitally from all participants, following recommendations of the Ethics Commission. It covered participants’ voluntary agreement to take part in the study, explaining the purpose, data anonymity and use, the absence of compensation, the lack of risks to them of participating, and consent to publish aggregated results without personal identification. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their participation, which took place between December 8, 2022, and March 5, 2023.