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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 18 November 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Based on the regulations for conducting research with adult human subjects in Germany (as indicated by the German Research Fund DFG and the German Psychological Society, DGPs, ), no formal IRB approval was required. An automatic exemption by the Human-Computer-Media Institute and the Ethical Review Board of the institute applied. Both reported studies were conducted in full accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The studies followed the ethical guidelines of the APA and the DGPs.

: Participants in both studies were provided with comprehensive information regarding the study before the study started. This including its purpose, procedures, the intended use of data (i.e., analysis in aggregated form and publication in an academic journal without disclosure of any personal information), and their right to withdraw at any time without negative consequences. For Study 1, written informed consent was obtained in-person between July 3, 2023, and July 21, 2023. For Study 2, written informed consent was obtained between November 28, 2023, and November 29, 2023, through the online questionnaire platform. On the introductory page of the survey, participants were required to read the study information and indicate their agreement by clicking the “Agree” button before being able to proceed to the questionnaire. By submitting their responses, participants confirmed their informed consent to participate in the study.