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Authors
Sujatna, Eva Tuckyta Sari
Kuswoyo, Heri
Zalmansyah, Achril
Lestari, Dewi
Abidin, Zainal
Mulyadi, Mulyadi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universitas Padjadjaran Postdoctoral Program (2474/UN6.3.1/TU.00/2021)
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Article History
Received: 6 May 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received ethical approval from the Centre for Research, Community Services, and Innovation on May 1, 2024 (Approval number: 064/UTI/LPPMI/E.2.3/V/2024). The ethical approval spans all aspects of the research, including recruitment of study participants, collection of data, and analysis of the data. All research procedures were conducted following the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its revised version in 2024, which ensures the protection of participants’ rights, dignity, and confidentiality.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study. The consent was secured by the researchers between May 20th, 2024 and June 4th, 2024. Participants were fully informed about the aims of the research, assured of confidentiality, and informed of their right to withdraw at any time.
