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Article History

Received: 4 May 2025

Accepted: 19 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All study procedures were approved by Binzhou Medical University Hospital Ethics Committee, approved number KYLL-127, approved time September 2022. The scope of approval covers the entire research process. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: In November 2022, prior to the commencement of the survey, the investigator provided participants with a written informed consent form. All participants were required to review and sign the informed consent form. The consent form outlined the study’s purpose (e.g., understanding the current level of student innovation literacy), the use of the collected data (i.e., solely for scientific research and publication purposes with no personally identifiable information retained), the assurance of participant anonymity, the confidentiality of private information, participant rights (including the right of withdrawal at any time without punishment), and no potential risk of this survey. All participants were fully informed and had signed the informed consent form before the formal survey was initiated.