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Article History

Received: 11 March 2025

Accepted: 24 November 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments. Before commencing the research, the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Economics and Management at Pingdingshan University (Approval Number: EA-2023078; Approval Date: 27 November 2023). It is confirmed that the data for this study were collected through a questionnaire. This questionnaire targets adult participants, is non-interventional, and guarantees anonymity. Additionally, no personal identifiers or sensitive data are collected.

: Children and minors were not included as participants in this study. Before completing the anonymous questionnaire, all potential participants received information at the start of the survey, clearly explaining its purpose, objectives, procedures, and how the data would be used. Participants were explicitly informed that their participation was voluntary, that their anonymity would be maintained, and that they could withdraw at any time without providing a reason and without facing any negative consequences. From January to August 2024, when participants voluntarily chose to complete the questionnaire, either written or electronic informed consent was obtained.