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Authors
Yue, Juan-Juan
Huang, Rongjuan
Yang, Jiyu
Xiao, Bin
Lin, Li
Cao, Liusu
Chen, Gang
Wang, Yi-Chao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Social Science Foundation of China (25BKX016)
the Social Science Planning Project of Chongqing (2023PY59)
the Postgraduate Education Reform Foundation of Chongqing (YJG233151)
the Research Project of Graduate Education and Teaching Reform in Army Medical University (Y2025B01)
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2024
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As per the regulations outlined in “Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans” (National Health Commission, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of People’s Republic of China, No. 4 [2023]), this study falls under the exemption criteria specified in Article 32 of the regulation. Therefore, this study was deemed exempt by the Institutional Review Board of Army Medical University as it met the following conditions: 1) The study did not cause harm to participants and did not involve commercial interests; 2) The data used in this study is completely anonymous and does not involve any personal identifiers or sensitive information (exemption approval date: March 3, 2023). The full text of the regulation is available at [ ].
: Written or onlined informed consent was obtained from all participants between January and July 2024. Before any data collection commenced, participants were required to read and confirm the informed consent form. This form explicitly stated that participation in the study was entirely voluntary, participants’ information and responses would be confidential and anonymous, and the research findings would be used solely for academic purposes.
