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Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 12 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Formal ethical approval for this study was granted by the Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology (PTIT). The Ethics Review Board of), Faculty of Business Administration, scientific council of PTIT reviewed and approved the research proposal titled “Predicting Virtual Goods Purchases in Vietnam’s MMOGs with a TAM-PERVAL Model Using PLS-SEM and ANN” , No: 11/KQTKD2, which was signed and submitted on September 27, 2024. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring compliance with both international ethical standards and local regulatory requirements. By securing institutional approval, the research fulfilled all necessary ethical and regulatory criteria established by the relevant authorities.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all adult participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants were provided with an information sheet detailing the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, data usage, and confidentiality measures. They gave explicit consent for participation, data collection, data usage, and the publication of research findings. The ethical approval was valid from September 27, 2024, to February 5, 2025. Any modifications to the research design, methodology, or participant recruitment procedures must be reported to the Ethics Review Board and receive additional approval. Participants were assured of complete anonymity throughout the study, and all personal data were used solely for research purposes. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, with participants assigned to either an experimental or a control group. This research did not involve any medical, psychological, or high-risk interventions, nor did it include vulnerable populations such as minors, patients, or refugees. No financial or material incentives were offered to participants. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants retained the right to withdraw at any stage without penalty. Furthermore, they were informed that no foreseeable risks were associated with participation in this study.