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Article History

Received: 29 November 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 12 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The author affirms that all research involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards set forth by the Declaration of Helsinki, as well as relevant institutional and national regulations. On October 15, 2023, ethical approval was granted (Approval No. UBT-REC-HRM-2023-29) by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Business and Technology (UBT) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The approval encompassed the entire research protocol, which included participant recruitment, informed consent procedures, survey design, and measures for data confidentiality. The research included adult participants aged 18 and older from the telecommunications sector in Saudi Arabia, employing a survey-based methodology.

: Electronic informed consent was secured from all participants before they engaged in the study. The researcher from the University of Business and Technology in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, oversaw the consent process. Participants received comprehensive information regarding the study’s purpose, eligibility requirements, data collection methods, potential advantages and minimal risks, as well as assurances of confidentiality. The consent form explicitly indicated that participation was voluntary, ensured anonymity, and affirmed that participants could withdraw at any moment without facing any repercussions. No personally identifiable information was gathered. The investigation consisted of non-interventional, survey-based methods, with consent secured before participation throughout the data collection phase from November 2023 to February 2024. No compensation was offered.