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Article History

Received: 15 January 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: I confirm that this study is based entirely on the analysis of existing, publicly available, and anonymized secondary data. As no human participants were directly involved in the research and no personally identifiable information was used, formal ethical approval from an institutional review board was neither required nor sought for this specific analysis, in accordance with applicable guidelines and institutional policies.

: Informed consent was not required for this study as it exclusively involved the analysis of existing, publicly available, and anonymized secondary data. The research did not include direct interaction with human participants, nor did it involve the collection or use of personally identifiable information. Consequently, consent procedures were waived in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and institutional policies.