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Article History

Received: 18 February 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 16 January 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained via the Ethics Committee Social Sciences of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. The Ethics Committee for Social Sciences (ECSS) assesses whether research involving human participants complies with the National Ethics Code for Research in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Nethics) and the corresponding faculty guidelines. Date of ethical approval of the research line: 19-2-2022. Ethical approval duration: 19-2-2022 until 19-2-2027. Ethics approval number: ECSW-2022-038, provides ethical consent for all qualitative research conducted with children under the age of 18 by students of Communication Science at Radboud University. The ethical approval covered the collection of interview data with minors (<18 years old) and the subsequent use of deidentified data (transcripts) for publications and reporting purposes.

: The interviews for this study were conducted in the Spring of 2024 in the Netherlands. Prior to each interview, participants were provided with an informed consent form, which they read and completed in writing. This form explained the purpose of the research, the interview procedure, and how their data would be handled. Using the informed consent form, the interviewer obtained written consent from each participant before the interview began. The interviewer explained the content of the consent form and answered any questions before the participant signed the document. For all participants under the age of 16 years old, direct parental informed consent (that is, the explicit agreement of a parent or legal guardian to a child’s participation in research) was also obtained before the start of the interview. Participants (and, in addition, in the case of participants under the age of 16, their parents or legal guardians) were informed that, and by signing, consented to: The interview would be audio-recorded and transcribed. The audio recordings would be deleted after the interview was transcribed. Their participation was voluntary, and they could withdraw at any time without consequence. All data would be anonymized and treated confidentially. The data would be used solely for academic research purposes. The data would be used anonymously for publication purposes. The data would be securely stored. Finally, directly before the start of the interview, all participants were asked whether they understood what they had read, signed the informed consent form, and then provided additional oral consent before the interview began. The study qualifies as non-interventional social science research and poses no foreseeable risks to participants.