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Article History

Received: 7 December 2024

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Afrobarometer Round 9 survey (2021–2022) received continental ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Institute for Democracy, Citizenship and Public Policy in Africa at the University of Cape Town (South Africa) in October 2021. The review was conducted in accordance with the University of Cape Town Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) standards for research involving human participants. The study approval can be obtained from the Nigerian national partner of the Afrobarometer ninth round survey, NOIPolls Limited. However, we were unable to obtain the continental approval number online from either the Afrobarometer or NOIPoll Limited websites. Due to the researchers’ location, it is challenging to go access the offices. Aside from continental approval, in each participating country, National Partners obtained any additional ethics approvals required by domestic legal, political, or traditional protocols. The authors also faced the issue of access to approval numbers, as these numbers or clearance documents are not available online. In Nigeria, fieldwork was conducted by NOIPolls Limited, in accordance with Afrobarometer’s norms and standard procedures for informed consent, confidentiality, and respondent protection.

: The informed consent was collected from all participants aged 18 and above by the fieldworkers aged 18 and above, between 5 and 31 March 2022, when Round 9 was collected. The introduction of the survey questionnaire also secures the respondents’ informed consent in written/verbal language that is easily understood by the prospective subjects, thereby meeting the ethical standards of Afrobarometer research. The introduction of the survey questionnaire also assures respondents that their responses will be kept confidential. National Investigator (Chike Nwangwu), who is the Chief Executive Officer of NOIPolls Limited (Afrobarometer national partner in Nigeria), was responsible for instructing fieldworkers about the principles of informed consent and for ensuring that every fieldworker signs a research ethics agreement. For more information about the survey methodology and protocol approval, see: .