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Authors
Fang, Weirong
Liu, Huifang
Zhang, Chenggang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Major Research Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China: Research on the Philosophy of Technological Innovation and the Practical Logic of China's Independent Innovation (19ZDA040)
Research Project on Topics and Scenarios of Ordos National Intelligent Social Governance Experimental Comprehensive Base (20242001579)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 24 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The present study does not involve any human participants, animals, or identifiable personal data. The research is entirely based on secondary data obtained from publicly available sources, including official statistical yearbooks and government databases. No primary data collection, surveys, interviews, experiments, or interventions involving individuals or organizations were conducted. In accordance with established academic publishing standards and ethical guidelines, studies relying solely on publicly accessible secondary data do not require approval from an institutional ethics committee.
: This paper does not contain any studies with human participants performed by the author.
