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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 4 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All research performed was done in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants completed IRB-approved informed consent forms prior to participating. The fourth author’s home institution is the IRB of record.

: All materials and procedures used were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Dickinson College as the IRB of record for Protocol #1143 on 5/8/2023. All research performed was done in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The studies were granted exemption status according to 45CFR46. 101(b)(2): (2) Surveys, Interviews, Educational Tests, Public Observation. The study involved survey data only and participant responses could not be readily linked back to any individual as responses were given a random ID. Participants were not asked to share any sensitive information.

: All participants read an informed consent form prior to participating. The informed consent form explained the study procedures and informed participants that they could copy and pasted the informed consent into an email to themselves or document if they wanted a copy of it. It also indicated that the information participants provided were anonymous. The data could not be linked back to participants as we were not collecting any identifying information. It included a section on the expected duration of the study (30 min), the potential risks and benefits, and the voluntary nature of the study which informed participants that they could withdraw their consent at any point without penalty. Consent and subsequent participation occurred between April and May of 2024. Consent was obtained as part of the online Qualtrics form procedure at the time of participation. Participants read the consent form and those who opted to participate simply clicked the radio button on the Qualtrics survey, which read “I agree to participate”. It advanced them to the first set of questionnaires in the survey. Those who chose not to participate clicked the radio button on the Qualtrics survey, which read “I do not agree to participate”. That link advanced them to the webpage of the study’s home institution.