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Article History

Received: 7 June 2025

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Economics, Administration and Public Policy, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha, Qatar, at its meeting held on December 1, 2023 (Approval number: SEAPP/DI1892023), following a thorough review of the research proposal and questionnaire items, ensuring that ethical guidelines are followed for research involving human subjects.

: Participants received written informed consent forms explaining the purpose of the study, along with their rights and responsibilities. As the data was gathered via a survey between January and March 2024, this process functioned as written consent. They were clearly informed about the anonymity of their responses, how their data would be used, and any potential risks involved. It was also made clear that their participation was completely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any point without facing any consequences.