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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities (Ethics approval number: 2023091301), granted on September 13, 2023, prior to the commencement of the research. The validity period of approval is 2 years and covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki, with particular attention to safeguarding participants’ rights, safety, and well-being, as well as ensuring scientific integrity. There was no unethical behavior during the research process because this study did not involve human clinical trials or animal experiments and the participants were all 18 and above years old.

: All participants provided written informed consent electronically prior to completing the questionnaire. Data collection was conducted in January 2024. The research team distributed the survey through corporate human resource departments and relevant personnel to frontline employees working in the healthcare, tourism, and education sectors in the Pearl River Delta region of China. A complete informed consent statement was displayed on the first page of the questionnaire, outlining the purpose of the study, the scope of data use, the voluntary nature of participation, anonymization procedures, and assurance that there were no known risks involved. Participants were required to actively check a box labeled “I have read and agree to participate in this study,” and this action was digitally recorded as valid electronic consent. The consent clearly stated that participant’s information would be used solely for data analysis and academic publication related to this study, with no personally identifiable information collected, and all data handled in strict anonymity. This study did not involve minors or other vulnerable individuals; all participants were adults, and therefore, no consent from guardians or legal representatives was required.