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Authors
Qiu, Ning
Li, Wen
Han, Xinyu
Jiang, Yuxiao
Zhang, Zhiwei
Du, Mengbing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (24YJCHZ234)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52408077)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QE242)
The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Wuhan University (No. 413000183)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 22 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Jianzhu University (Ethics approval number: SDJZUT-2023-07). All research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional and national guidelines. Approval was granted in 7 July 2023.
: This study included data collected from the Jinan Residents Commuting Survey, conducted in December 2023, which gathered responses from 1,755 participants via mobile devices. An explanatory statement providing details about the project, the research team, the voluntary nature of participation, and participants’ rights was presented at the start of the survey. In accordance with the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Shandong Jianzhu University, consent was deemed to be implied for respondents who completed and submitted the survey. The survey was fully anonymous, and no identifying information, including names or email addresses, was collected. Participants were informed that their responses would be used solely for academic research purposes and that there were no foreseeable risks associated with participation.
